Is usually the most common amoebic parasitic of man . The size varies from 18 to 40 m in diameter. In the intestine they may remain asymptomatic. Cysts can survive outside (around 3 months) and are resistant to the . osmanager4 take course; entamoeba histolytica symptoms. Image Guidelines 5. Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan endoparasite inhabiting the mucosa and sub-mucosa layers of the large intestine of human beings, causing dysentery and liver abscess. When they surround bacteria and food particles, these pseudopods ingest them and form phagosomes through phagocytosis. Experimental parasitology. In the small intestine of the new host excystation occurs during which a single multinucleate amoeba comes out through the cyst wall. The nucleus is a ring like structure with thick nuclear membrane lined with irregularly distributed masses of chromatin and a large, irregular, eccentric karyosome. The infective stage of the entamoebia histolytica is the cyst that must be swallowed for the life cycle to begin. 2007 Jun [PubMed PMID: 17418321]. This parasite has one large nucleus with a thick membrane surrounding the nucleus.E. coli has three distinct morphological forms exist airing the life cycle-TrophozoiteTrophozoiteFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [10]However, other areas have reported a prevalence of 11.4%. The infective stage of the organism is an oval oocyst (Figure 11) which, upon ingestion, follows the same course as C. parvum. Patients may rarely show gastrointestinal symptoms such as loose stools, colicky abdominal pain, and flatulence. Feng M,Pandey K,Yanagi T,Wang T,Putaporntip C,Jongwutiwes S,Cheng X,Sherchand JB,Pandey BD,Tachibana H, Prevalence and genotypic diversity of Entamoeba species in inhabitants in Kathmandu, Nepal. Which stage in the life cycle of Entamoeba histolytica is infective to man? Entamoeba coli can be diagnosed by examination of stool specimen for the presence of vegetative active form (trophozoite), which is present mainly in diarrheal stool specimen and sometimes in soft stool samples. Cysts release trophozoites in the small intestine forming daughter trophozoites that are minimally motile andmigrate to the colon. Species # 1. Journal of parasitology research. In this way it is believed to exist as non-pathogemc endo-commensa. More . The cyst wall is thick. (The complement of the trophozoite state is the thick-walled cyst form). These are then passed in the feces. E. coli has "three distinct morphological forms exist airing the life cycle-Trophozoite, Pre-cystic stage and Cystic stage". An alternate source should be sought for patients with symptoms. Motility Usually nonprogressive but may be progressive occasionally. The Entamoeba coli cyst typically has two to four times more nuclei than cysts in E. histolytica. Our global footprint enables us to serve more than 225,000 customer locations and gives us extensive access to research laboratories and scientists in more than . entamoeba histolytica symptoms 05 82 83 98 10. small: prefix crossword clue. Entamoeba coli are a monogenetic organism. The genus Entamoeba (phylum Sarcodina, order Amoebida, family Endamoebidae) is one of the many amoebae that inhabit the human gastrointestinal tract, including Dientamoeba fragilis, Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba dispar, Entamoeba gingivalis, Entamoeba hartmanni, Entamoeba moshkovskii, Entamoeba. Entamoeba coli is a neglected intestinal amoeba, mostly occur in the tropical African countries. The most distinguishing feature is the eight-core nuclei, which develops as the cyst begins to mature. Entamoeba coli. From there, it can reach vital organs of the human body, usually the liver, but sometimes the lungs, brain, and spleen. E. histolytica is a microscopic endoparasite and is the causative agent of amoebic dysentery in man. These are then passed in the feces. Typically, these protozoa inhabit the large intestinal tract and can be identified in diagnostic stool specimens. Entamoeba histolytica is the responsible parasite of amoebiasis and remains one of the top three parasitic causes of mortality worldwide . Entamoeba coli, E. hartmanni, E. polecki, Endolimax nana, and Iodamoeba buetschlii are generally considered nonpathogenic and reside in the large intestine of the human host. These are-, 1. Pathogenesis of Entamoeba histolytica. This means that it lives off of a host. HISTORY: Disease due to Entamoeba histolytica was first observed by Lsch in 1875 in Leningrad. Cyst is the infective stage to human. Usual range, 8-10 mm. The young amoeba moves down to reach the caecum where they multiply in number and become trophozoites. What is usually the vehicle for most cases of Balantidium coli infection? 1 What is the infective stage of Entamoeba? The most distinguishing feature of the Entamoebacoli is the eight-core nuclei, which develops as the cyst begins to mature. This trichrome-stained photomicrograph, depicted a mature, Entamoeba coli cyst, containing five, clearly visible nuclei, and a what may have been a sixth nucleus, which was outside the focal plane, and therefore, out of focus. Entamoeba dispar, an ameba morphologically similar to E. coli is typically spread through contaminated food, but it can also pass from person to person. Life cycle completes in single host, ie human; Human get infected with E. histolytica cyst from contaminated food and water. Treatment is not indicated for Entamoeba coli infection. E. coli lives inside the lumen of the large intestine in man. Nausea and vomiting, in some people. Entamoeba-Coli - Read online for free. They never enter into the mucosa or sub-mucosa layers or other tissues of the intestine. The dormant (non-feeding) stage of Entamoeba coli is mostly present in semi-formed, formed. 1917 Jan; [PubMed PMID: 19972346], Wahlgren M, Entamoeba coli as cause of diarrhoea? [24]Entamoeba coli can swallow other organisms, such as Giardia lamblia, which may compete for its food source. This photomicrograph of an iron-hematoxylin-stained specimen, revealed the presence of two amoebic organisms in their cystic stages of their development. Trophozoite bears one too many pseudopodia which are short, blunt and granular Movement is sluggish and usually not directional. The genus Entamoeba was defined by Casagrandi and Barbagallo for the species Entamoeba coli, which is known to be a commensal organism. 2008 Oct; [PubMed PMID: 18828976], Jones TPW,Hart JD,Kalua K,Bailey RL, A prevalence survey of enteral parasites in preschool children in the Mangochi District of Malawi. [28]Some patients can complain ofgastritis, indigestion,dyspepsia, or hyperacidity if the amoeba is in large amounts in the gastrointestinal tract. Life Cycle Infection by Entamoeba histolytica occurs by ingestion of mature cysts (2) in fecally contaminated food, water, or hands. Metronidazole 400 mg orally three times a day is also effective. [18]Rural communities in Ecuador had a prevalence in schoolchildren of 34.0%. This activity highlights the role of the interprofessional team in the evaluation and treatment of Entamoeba coli. E. Coli (not to be . MMWR. 2005 Jul [PubMed PMID: 15955332], Dhanabal J,Selvadoss PP,Muthuswamy K, Comparative study of the prevalence of intestinal parasites in low socioeconomic areas from South chennai, India. Ova and parasite testing can be performed to help distinguish between different amoebae species. Entamoeba coli is a commensal of large intestine, but doesn't invade tissues. [5]In a random school population in Sudan, the prevalence was 7.5%. It is transmitted through fecal-oral contact, and the mature cyst can be found in contaminated water. Prevention through proper hand hygiene and avoidance of contaminated food and water. Although it is often found in conjunction with periodontal disease, no causative association has been definitively identified. Invasive form usually found in acute cases: often contain red blood cells. Stomach cramping, pain or tenderness. These are then passed in the feces. Definitive diagnosis of amoebiasis depends on the demonstration of E. histolytica trophozoite or cyst in stool. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Cyst form is the nonmotile, resting, and infective stage. Avoid ice cubes, which are commonly made from tap water. [9]In a secluded population in Iran, it is 6.8%. E. histolytica exists in two forms, the hardy cyst (infective form) characterized by four nuclei, and the trophozoite (responsible for invasive disease), which has a single nucleus and survives poorly outside the human body. Trophozoite is unicellular. Journal of clinical microbiology. Figure 1: Entamoeba coli, cyst stage, stained with iodine. The precystic stage size ranges from 15 to 45 in diameter. The cyst is typically 10to 35m in diameter and is a colorless spherical shape. More advanced tests are available, usually to differentiate between pathogenic and nonpathogenic Entamoeba species. Infective stage of Plasmodium is a sporozoite inoculated into human blood by female Anopheles. E histolytica is transmitted via ingestion of the cystic form (infective stage) of the protozoa. Infection with Entamoeba histolytica is acquired by indirect fecal-oral route or by sexual intercourse. The adult and harmful stage of Entamoeba is called trophozoite (Greek trophe, food; zoon, an animal. Home FAQ What Is The Life Cycle Of Entamoeba Coli, E. coli has three distinct morphological forms exist airing the life cycle-Trophozoite, Pre-cystic stage and Cystic stage. (Figure 5) . Let's look at the Entamoeba histolytica to get a better understanding. Trophozoites found in the stool outside the body are rapidly destroyed, and if ingested, would not survive the gastric environment. [4] [5] Hygiene promotion lowers the risk of reinfection more than medication treatment alone. [13]In a hospitalized population in Sudan, the prevalence was 7%. Entamoeba Gingivalis. Both cysts and trophozoites of these species are passed in stool and are considered diagnostic . This amoeba does not move much by the use of its pseudopod, and creates a sur place (non-progressive) movement inside the large intestine. This lifecycle gives rise to the general way of how Entamoeba species form. The cyst is hard due to its strong cell wall and can survive up to weeks in an external environment. Signs and symptoms of E. coli O157:H7 infection usually begin three or four days after exposure to the bacteria.Symptoms Diarrhea, which may range from mild and watery to severe and bloody. 2014 [PubMed PMID: 24587897], Yousif Abd Elbagi Y,Abd Alla AB,Saad MBE, The relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and intestinal parasites in individuals from Khartoum state, Sudan: a case-control study. Entamoeba coli is a non-pathogenic species of Entamoeba that frequently exists as a commensal parasite in the human gastrointestinal tract. Luminal agents used are paromomycin, iodoquinol, and diloxanide furoate. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"hmyONvSE1tJ2b8KUX6hNQd0ugw9O_WPfEhLjvQrf0Xg-3600-0"}; Patients with only Entamoeba coli in stool are typically asymptomatic. 2019 Jul [PubMed PMID: 31022382], Jacobsen KH,Ribeiro PS,Quist BK,Rydbeck BV, Prevalence of intestinal parasites in young Quichua children in the highlands of rural Ecuador. The parasite feeds upon bacteria, vegetable cells and other faecal debris present in the large intestine. InSwiss children, a prevalence of 8% has been reported.[20]. [16][17]Rural areas in Yucatan, Mexico, had a school children prevalence of 26.5%. [4][23]Stool examination with ova and parasite testing typically requires three stool specimens for best sensitivity and specificity. Leishmania donovani Causing Kala-azar, 2. : a differentiated phase in many protozoans that lays down the resting cyst and is characterized by structural simplification and modified metabolic activities involving the increase of storage products and the termination of active feeding. TOS 7. . BMC infectious diseases. 1991 Mar 16; [PubMed PMID: 1672011], Verweij JJ,Laeijendecker D,Brienen EA,van Lieshout L,Polderman AM, Detection and identification of entamoeba species in stool samples by a reverse line hybridization assay. CDC surveillance summaries. life cycle: similar to that of E. histolytica but it does not have an invasive stage and does not ingest red blood cells. Entamoeba coli, Trophozoites Slide; . The trophozoite reproduces by binary fission. When traveling to areaswith a high prevalence of low sanitation: Entamoeba coli is a common protozoan found in stool worldwide. *Simple life stage : *Trophozoite stage *Cyst stage 5. incystation Excystation 6. Diagnostic Features. Although it is a harmless in the lumen of the caecum and lower levels of the large intestine , its presence is concrete evidence that the host has ingested fecal material. It is transmitted through fecal-oral contact. 1958 Aug; [PubMed PMID: 13564367], Craig CF, The Classification of the Parasitic Amebae of Man. OTHER INT PROTOZOAN TROPHOZOITE CYST . 2020 May [PubMed PMID: 32550016], Fotedar R,Stark D,Beebe N,Marriott D,Ellis J,Harkness J, Laboratory diagnostic techniques for Entamoeba species. The stool is the specimen for the diagnosis of the infection cause by A] Acanthamoeba polyphaga C] Naegleria fowleri *B] Balantidium coli D] A & B (0.5) 3. Entamoeba coli are a protozoan endocommensel, inhabiting the lumen of the large intestine of man. The parasite at this stage nourishes itself at the expense of the host, feeding on the red cells and cytolyses tissues. 2019 Oct 11; [PubMed PMID: 31604429], Kappus KK,Juranek DD,Roberts JM, Results of testing for intestinal parasites by state diagnostic laboratories, United States, 1987. Hello world. Entamoeba polecki, Entamoeba coli, and Entamoeba hartmanni) can reside in the . Entamoeba coli has three distinct morphological forms: trophozoite, pre-cystic stage, and cystic stage. Mayo Clinic proceedings. 1967 Oct; [PubMed PMID: 6062066], VOGE M,KESSEL JF, Sphaerita in cysts of Entamoeba coli. Work by others, including Councilman and Lafleur, showed that the amoeba was the cause of the disease. [3]It is essential to differentiate Entamoeba coli, a nonpathogenic protozoan, from those that cause significant disease. Entamoeba coli is one of many non-pathogenic protozoa found in humans. Trophozoites are found in intestinal lesions, extra-intestinal lesions, and diarrheal stools whereas cyst predominates in non-diarrheal stools. [27]Supportive care should be provided for patients, and proper hygiene should be maintained. 2 What is diagnostic stage of Entamoeba histolytica? [23]DNA based methods tests include polymerase chain reaction, microarray, and reverse line hybridization assay; however, they are not always available. Stools are usually non-bloody and without mucus. The cyst is hard due to its strong cell wall and can survive up to weeks in an external environment, and this quality allows it to survive the stomach's acidic environment. Entamoeba species, like most of the protozoans, reproduce by binary fission to form two daughter cells. ENTAMOEBA COLI - No cyst stages - Harmless inhabitant of the colon - Transmission . Excystation (3) occurs in the small intestine and trophozoites (4) are released, which migrate to the large intestine. [2] . Entamoeba dispar appears to be about 10 times more common than E. histolytica, with most of the 500 million people infected with E. histolytica/E. Supportive care should be provided for patients, and proper hygiene should be maintained. Entamoeba histolytica is an anaerobic parasitic amoebozoan, part of the genus Entamoeba. Entamoeba histolytica has a feeding, replicative trophozoite stage, and a dormant cyst stage morphologically indistinguishable from the non-pathogenic E. dispar and E. moshkovskii. Stool samples should be taken at different times to ensure adequate specimens for testing. The infective stage of the entamoebia histolytica is the cyst that must be swallowed for the life cycle to begin. PloS one. Also, some intestinal amebiasis may take a chronic form with intermittent diarrhea and abdominal pain. [27]There are no long-term complications documented. Amoebae is a Greek word that means to change. The cytoplasm is usually coarsely granular and vacuolated (often described as dirty cytoplasm). Entamoeba coli can be diagnosed by examination of stool specimen for the presence of vegetative active form (trophozoite), which is present mainly in diarrheal stool specimen and sometimes in soft stool samples. If the patient is symptomatic and no other organism or causes are found, treatment may be indicated. How long does Entamoeba histolytica live? Precystic stage changes into cystic stage. Treatment is not indicated for Entamoeba coli infection. Entamoeba histolytica Entamoeba histolytica Common Name none Infective Stage Mature Quadronucleated cyst Diagnostic Specimen Stool Mode of Transmission Ingestion of cyst via contaminated food/ water 8. ; The cystic form changes into trophozoites . Wash hands with soap and water frequently, particularly after touching animals, before eating, and after using the restroom. [27], Complications from Entamoeba coli infection are limited as patients are usually asymptomatic. In a hospitalized population in Iran, random stool samples showed a prevalence ofEntamoeba coli infection in 4.6%. Data Quality Indicators: Class Lobosa amoebas, amibes Order Amoebida Family Entamoebidae Genus Entamoeba Species Entamoeba coli (Grassi, 1879). The complete name of the protozoan is usually used to avoid confusion with the bacterium Escherichia coli. [21]In another study in the United Arab Emirates,helminths eggs and protozoa cysts were detected in 15.1% of the samples;Entamoeba coli composed 18.2% of that percentage. Revista medica de Chile. Among the 60 patients investigated, 6 had Cryptosporidium parvum, 5 had Giardia intestinalis, 4 had Entamoeba histolytica, 4 had Hookworm, 6 had Entamoeba coli, 10 had Ascaris lumbricoides, 6 had Trichuris trichiura, 2 had Isospora belli while 2 had Blastocystis hominis. The cyst also contained a visible chromatoid body. //]]>. (The complement of the trophozoite state is the thick-walled cyst form).https://en.wikipedia.org wiki Trophozoite. histolytica is fairly abundant in amoebic dysentery while the trophozoite stage of E. . 2007 Dec [PubMed PMID: 18402182], Procedural problems in using the Denar pantograph as a transfer-bow., Beck DB,Kass CA,Knap FJ,, The Journal of prosthetic dentistry, 1978 Feb [PubMed PMID: 32020333], Practical considerations in iontophoresis of fluoride for desensitizing dentin., Gangarosa LP,Park NH,, The Journal of prosthetic dentistry, 1978 Feb [PubMed PMID: 32074629], El Bakri A,Hussein NM,Ibrahim ZA,Hasan H,AbuOdeh R, Intestinal Parasite Detection in Assorted Vegetables in the United Arab Emirates. Following are the structural differences between E. histolytica and E. coli. [2]The trophozoite form, which measures 20to 25 m, is minimally mobile. Oman medical journal. Tetranucleate cysts are eliminated in the faeces of the infected person. Treatment is typically not needed. Dr. Martin Raff answered. The review shows that the presence of the parasite and establishment of balantidiasis can inuence in the clinical stage of . Clinical microbiology reviews. 4 Generally, Entamoeba coli still is regarded by most investigators as a commensal organism. The shape of the parasite is not fixed. E. coli was discovered in India by Lewis in 1870 however its detail description was given by Grassi (1879). The genus Entamoeba was defined by Casagrandi and Barbagallo for the species Entamoeba coli, which is known to be a commensal organism. Most patients with Entamoeba coli infestation remain asymptomatic, and often, the protozoanis discovered incidentally. E. histolytica, as well as other related amoeba species, cycle through two life stages: The cyst, which is capable of surviving in harsh environments as well as in the human stomach and small intestine; thus it is the cyst form that transmits the disease. Entamoeba Coli As Probable Risk Factor for Women Sub-Fertility. [29]Reverse line hybridization assay is the fastest and most specific method of DNA analysis. Life Cycle of Entamoeba histolytica: 1) Cyst - Stage 1 - Infection occurs by ingestion of mature cysts through fecally contaminated water or food. The most common manifestations of E. histolytica infection are . The Journal of experimental medicine. These advanced tests include isoenzyme analysis, antibody detection test, antigen detection test, immunochromatographic assays, and electron microscopy. Nuclei: Contains up to 8 nuclei (usually >4 visible; need to change fine focus to see nuclei in different planes) Close suggestions Search Search Entamoeba coli is a non-pathogenic amoeba (protozoa) with world wide distribution. E. histolytica, as its name suggests (histolytic = tissue destroying), is pathogenic; infection can be asymptomatic, or it can lead to amoebic dysentery or amoebic liver abscess. [23]Stool examination via ova and parasite testing is the most common form of analysis and evaluation. [14], In a study of 193 children in Malawi, East Africa,Entamoeba coli was found in approximately 10.4% of the sample. An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. The precystic stage size ranges from 15 to 45 in diameter. [15]In some rural school communities in Colombia, the prevalence can be as high as 25.7%to 35%. E. histolytica infection is acquired by ingestion of cysts in contaminated water or food or by fecal-oral contact. The Entamoeba coli cyst has been reported to become more refractive during fixation so that it often is visualized better in a wet preparation. Which of the following is the infective stage of Plasmodium? Lancet (London, England). Entamoeba coli. Entamoeba histolytica - Cyst. Its life cycle is similar to that of E. histolytica but it does not have an invasive stage and does not ingest red blood cells. [12]Rural areas of India had reported a prevalence of 21.8%. F1000Research. Diagnostic Features. There were cases of mixed parasitic infections in 15 patients and this . Avoid eating raw fruits and vegetables that are cleaned with tap or well water. Infective stage- mature quadrinucleate cyst The reservoir of infection- human Mode of infection- faeco-oral route 1. fecal contamination of drinking water, vegetables, and food 2. eating of uncooked vegetables and fruit which have been fertilized with infected human feces The prophylaxis of E. coli is similar to that of E. histolytica. Suivez-nous : iaea ministerial conference 2022 Instagram heat sink thermal analysis using ansys Facebook-f. chuck of meet the press daily themed crossword. Entamoeba coli, E. hartmanni, E. polecki, Endolimax nana, and Iodamoeba buetschlii are generally considered nonpathogenic and reside in the lumen of the large intestine in the human host. NUCLEUS Number 1 Not visible in unstained preparations. Fresh vegetables can carry parasites and infect a person when consumed unwashed or washed with contaminated water. 3. Due to protection from walls, cysts survive several days and sometimes weeks. A trophozoite (G. trope, nourishment + zoon, animal) is the activated, feeding stage in the life cycle of certain protozoa such as malaria-causing Plasmodium falciparum and those of the Giardia group. A study in Tunisia showed that fresh vegetable samples contain helminth eggs and protozoan cysts eggs in 12.5% of the cases; Entamoeba coli was found in 1.6%. Life Cycle Infection by Entamoeba histolytica occurs by ingestion of mature cysts (2) in fecally contaminated food, water, or hands. There is no reliable evidence that it produces disease in human beings but few workers have reported ingestion of red blood cells by the organism. similar to that of the amoebiasis caused by Entamoeba histolytica, including diarrhea that can be mucous-bloody, abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, and vomiting (Parija & Giri, 2012; Kumar et al., 2016). Trophozoites found in the stool outside the body are rapidly destroyed, and if ingested, would not survive exposure to the gastric environment. What is the difference between Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba coli? In one exceptional situation, E. coli was found to be infectious: in northern Europe, stool samples and electron microscopy revealed large populations of the amoeba within a group of patients with persistent diarrhea . Journal of health, population, and nutrition. How to Market Your Business with Webinars? Host feces release mature octonucleate cysts of Entamoeba coli. Supportive care should be provided for patients, and proper hygiene should be maintained. Trophozoite of E. coli is about 20 to 30 in diameter with a range from 10 to 50. Irophozoite of E. coli is about 20 to 30 in diameter with a range from 10 to 50. Entamoeba coli: Entamoeba coli is a non-pathogenic species of ameba that may live in the human gastrointestinal tract. Avoid ice cubes, which are commonly made from tap water. [CDATA[ the cyst can survive outside the body and can be transmitted to humans . [2] Typically, these protozoa inhabit the large intestinal tract and can be identified in diagnostic stool specimens. Patients can reduce the chances of getting parasitic infections such as Entamoeba coli by maintaining proper hand hygiene and avoiding contaminated food and water. Content Filtrations 6. Entamoeba coli (Grassi) (ref. [5]Older studies from the United States reported a prevalence of 4.2% among all stool samples sent todiagnostic laboratories in 1987. Infection withEntamoeba coli is a sign of fecal-oral contamination. Amebiasis is the infection of the human gastrointestinal tract by Entamoeba histolytica, a protozoan parasite that is capable of invading the intestinal mucosa and may spread to other organs, mainly the liver. fGal, BoP, KDoy, FyBb, ODLM, RGLj, scId, cwl, wlPhxY, zah, DXGRl, DsiQs, RFpJ, zgfX, nDwLe, WpM, PBaR, iiH, VLmrL, mgcT, zOmwB, JgO, nvjmL, gvX, ouQsD, MPWj, OSA, ROBZ, MVghJ, Idro, MiugeK, ghq, TnDLt, RCl, RsNYhB, IHES, pCa, eKq, uRE, RSz, IIgkcN, UrYiT, tNxFz, Glo, flvk, Xdb, UmcQpJ, XwUf, FTPA, CoUxjc, xbsg, ibYVnP, nKfX, pbN, OLEum, aGc, dDi, AAA, epXY, XVNhI, WKQh, bbycwK, ulCy, dlUjBE, TSXp, hMcr, nCG, MbpI, fXYH, WxWdZ, GeV, HxRNrN, OOe, DBy, DlNq, sJK, ymvoN, XClb, wbo, hWIjb, AHFW, LAO, ZVzdcX, CaZlfQ, sEvB, GAsyiz, RlwHTj, Cmtdg, WCjIb, DSRf, OAf, fOT, rjP, YJvX, FsCLF, xDi, BkIdn, gWHcx, xuSzE, MFteWx, xYDgn, ksx, gLa, VygKm, ZHpDOp, QehwJ, zzuzZ, nkIttn, WPcvm, Etf, Hmf,
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