https://legal-tools.org/doc/f09f54. In: Carpenter RC (ed) Born of War: Protecting Children of Sexual Violence Survivors in Conflict Zones. A/RES/50/46, United Nations General Assembly (1998) Resolution 52/160, UN Doc. Ibid., Further Actions and Initiatives to Implement the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, para 96(d). This assertion was also cited by the Office of the Prosecutor in its Pre-Trial Brief, see Ongwen Prosecutions Pre-Trial Brief 2016, above n 5, para 512, footnote 1339. For an overview, see Global Justice Center 2018, p 7. Forced pregnancy is the practice of forcing a woman to become or remain pregnant against their will, often as part of a forced marriage, or as part of a programme of breeding slaves, or as part of a programme of genocide. See ICC Elements of Crimes, General Introduction para 7. CEDAW/C/OP.8/GBR/1, United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (2018b) Concluding Observations on Palestine, UN Doc. 0000000016 00000 n Preparatory Committee on the Establishment of an International Court 1998b. Charges with respect to a third victim-witness, P-198, were originally brought but later withdrawn by the prosecution, see para 128. Fordham International Law Journal 22:154184, Neenan J (2018) The Role of the ICC in Protecting the Rights of Children Born of Rape in War. U. C. Davis Journal of International Law & Policy 5:199217, Green J, Copelon R, Cotter P, Stephens B (1994) Affecting the Rules for the Prosecution of Rape and Other Gender-Based Violence Before the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: A Feminist Proposal and Critique. A Look at Forced Pregnancy Under the Rome Statute. In: Lattanzi F, Schabas WA (eds) Essays on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, vol 1. Journal of International Criminal Justice 10:373396, Grey R (2017) The ICCs First Forced Pregnancy Case in Historical Perspective. Preparatory Commission for the International Criminal Court 1999c. 0000005782 00000 n How Do I Break This Cycle?. Forced pregnancy is only recognized by the ICC as a crime against humanity in specific contexts, including when it's part of a "widespread or systematic attack" against civilians, and as a. See also Glasius 2006, p 88; Halley 2008, p 88. PubMedGoogle Scholar, Altunjan, T. (2021). 0000002287 00000 n CEDAW/C/PSE/CO/1, United Nations Committee on the Rights of Persons With Disabilities and United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (2018) Guaranteeing Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights for all Women, in Particular Women With Disabilities: Joint Statement by the Committee on the Rights of Persons With Disabilities and the Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. This definition shall not in any way be interpreted as affecting national laws relating to pregnancy.' CAT/C/KEN/CO/2, United Nations Committee Against Torture (2013b) Concluding Observations on Poland, UN Doc. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-451-8_5, Reproductive Violence and International Criminal Law, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/press-release/un-special-representative-of-the-secretary-general-on-sexual-violence-in-conflict-zainab-hawa-bangura-condemns-the-use-of-sexual-violence-as-a-tactic-of-war-and-terror-by-boko-haram/, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nigeria-captives-babies/nigerian-police-free-19-women-and-girls-from-lagos-baby-factory-statement-idUSKBN1WF205, https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/documents/rc_seg-st_doc_20000211_tauran-acdlife_en.html, https://legal.un.org/icc/prepcomm/prepfra.htm, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25340, https://reproductiverights.org/worldabortionlaws, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/06/health/late-term-abortion-trump.html, https://www.oas.org/en/iachr/media_center/PReleases/2017/165.asp, https://ohrh.law.ox.ac.uk/partial-u-s-sanctions-on-inter-american-commission-on-human-rights/, https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/39a534/pdf/, https://rm.coe.int/women-s-sexual-and-reproductive-health-and-rights-in-europe-issue-pape/168076dead, https://me.eui.eu/dieneke-de-vos/blog/can-the-icc-prosecute-forced-contraception/, https://dipbt.bundestag.de/doc/btd/14/085/1408524.pdf, https://www.globaljusticecenter.net/blog/19-publications/1011-submission-to-the-international-law-commission-the-need-to-integrate-a-gender-perspective-into-the-draft-convention-on-crimes-against-humanity, https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=459, https://www.legal-tools.org/en/doc/9fd889/, https://www.ejiltalk.org/what-lies-beneath-the-turn-to-values-in-international-criminal-legal-discourse/, https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-role-of-the-icc-in-protecting-the-rights-of-children-born-of-rape-in-war/, https://opiniojuris.org/2018/09/13/forced-relationships-prosecutorial-discretion-as-a-pathway-to-survivor-centric-justice/, https://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/otp/20161115_OTP_ICC_Policy-on-Children_Eng.PDF, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CRPD/Pages/CRPDStatements.aspx, iccwomen.org/wigjdraft1/Archives/oldWCGJ/icc/iccpc/rome/forcedpreg.html, iccwomen.org/wigjdraft1/Archives/oldWCGJ/icc/iccpc/071999pc/elements.html, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Your email address will not be published. The American Journal of International Law 101:121140, Schwarz A (2019) Das vlkerrechtliche Sexualstrafrecht: Sexualisierte und geschlechtsbezogene Gewalt vor dem Internationalen Strafgerichtshof. 0000000716 00000 n In addition to a war context, forced pregnancy can also be defined as the act of a woman or girl becoming pregnant without requesting or intending to, and abortion is denied, hindered, delayed, or made difficult. 1; Article 8(2)(e)(vi)-1, no. Ntagandas case expanded the category of victims of sexual slavery to include child soldiers. See Chap. See also this chapter, Sect. See generally Gardam and Jarvis 2001, pp 6568. A/CONF.183/13 (Vol. E/CN.4/RES/1997/78, United Nations Commission on Human Rights (1998a) Resolution 1998/52 on Elimination of Violence Against Women, UN Doc. Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe 2008, para 7.2. Preparatory Commission for the International Criminal Court 2000c, p 13, footnote 20. The leading cause of discharge from the military for women during World War II was what some women called PWOP (Pregnant WithOut Permission). 2 (b) of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: (viii), (x), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xxi), (xxii), (xxvi), UN Doc. Ibid., Article 7(1)(j) and Article 7(2)(h). See also Eriksson 2000, p 480. See also this chapter, Sect. Woe Is Me! See also Cottier and Mzee 2016, marginal no 721; Drake 2012, p 607; Grey 2017, p 919; Grey 2019, p 108; Koenig and Askin 2000, p 14; Schwarz 2019, p 258. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Hall CK (1998) The Fifth Session of the UN Preparatory Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court. Beck, Munich, Zulficar M (19941995) From Human Rights to Program Reality: Vienna, Cairo, and Beijing in Perspective. See also Arsanjani 1999, pp 2829; Bitti 2015, pp 433443; deGuzman 2016, marginal no 51; Schabas 2016, p 530. Intersentia, Antwerp/Tilburg, De Vos D (2016) Can the ICC Prosecute Forced Contraception? See generally Adamietz 2011, pp 2947: Transgender describes persons whose gender identity differs from the sex assigned at birth; intersex describes a variety of conditions in which a persons anatomy does not fit within the male/female binary. CCPR/C/GC/36, United Nations Human Rights Council (2015) Violations and Abuses Committed by Boko Haram and the Impact on Human Rights in the Countries Affected: Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, UN Doc. Forced pregnancy is a form of reproductive coercion. iccwomen.org/wigjdraft1/Archives/oldWCGJ/icc/iccpc/rome/forcedpreg.html. Forced pregnancy and forced marriage were a critical tactic within the military operation of the LRA, a rebel militia-cum-personality cult led by Joseph Kony that sought to establish a democratic theocracy in Uganda with Christianitys 10 Commandments enshrined as law. Lobato 2016, p 26: [T]he crime against humanity of forced pregnancy entails the widespread and systematic violation of womens reproductive rights under international law. PCNICC/1999/WGEC/DP.16, Preparatory Commission for the International Criminal Court (1999e) Proceedings of the Preparatory Commission at its Second Session (26 July 13 August 1999), UN Doc. See Berro Pizzarossa 2018, p 7; Zulficar 19941995, pp 10271028. War crimes are defined in the statute that established the International Criminal Court, which includes: Grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions, such as: Willful killing, or causing great suffering or serious injury to body or health Torture or inhumane treatment Unlawful wanton destruction or appropriation of property Beck, Munich, Hall CK, Stahn C (2016) Article 7. In: Askin KD, Koenig DM (eds) Women and International Human Rights Law, vol 3. See Werle and Jeberger 2020, marginal no 250. See also Askin 2005, p 144. Hastings Womens Law Journal 5:171241, Grewal K (2012) The Protection of Sexual Autonomy Under International Criminal Law: The International Criminal Court and the Challenge of Defining Rape. 8 (2) (b) (iii) War crime of attacking personnel or objects involved in a humanitarian assistance or peacekeeping mission 18 8 (2) (b) (iv) War crime of excessive incidental death, injury, or damage 19 8 (2) (b) (v) War crime of attacking undefended places 20 8 (2) (b) (vi) War crime of killing or wounding a person hors de combat 20 This is because such an approach surfaces the unique harm suffered by the victims and ensures that the underlying conduct is conceptualized as a criminal act deserving investigation and prosecution as a crime under international law. People in cities and towns around the country followed the ICC trial of Dominic Ongwen Child . E/CN.4/RES/1997/44, United Nations Commission on Human Rights (1997b) Resolution 1997/78 on Rights of the Child, UN Doc. 24: Article 12 of the Convention (Women and Health), General Assembly Official Records, Fifty-Fourth Session, Supplement no. Cottier and Mzee 2016, marginal no 727; Global Justice Center 2018, p 6; Grey 2017, p 925. Routledge, London, Roach SC (2005) Arab States and the Role of Islam in the International Criminal Court. In: Lee RS (ed) The International Criminal Court, vol 1: The Making of the Rome Statute: Issues, Negotiations, Results. The franchise model keeps getting stronger -- and this could arguably ruin cinema as a form of art and expression. In a striking exaggeration, he stated: If that term, forced pregnancy, had been left to stand alone, without being defined further, it would have been extremely dangerous. 1997, p 102 ; Buehler 2002, p 261 Recht gegen wegen! 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