Further crises are guaranteed. And so, you can for that time have a period effect in which the whole of society is suddenly pushed backwards, either economically, or think again about 9/11 and the way in which that made Americans suddenly feel a genuine sense of insecurity from terrorism. This is certainly a moment. Give the example of Brexit. The Ezra Klein Show is produced by Emefa Agawu, Annie Galvin, Jeff Geld and Rog Karma. And in my experience of it, its a signal event that tends to lead to people being confronted a lot more with whatever they fear most about the country they live in. But others rely on xenophobic dog whistles while continuing to promote a capitalism rigged to favour a small elite. Now you have a much broader set of global examples and knowledge, so you can tell me how well it tracks elsewhere. In the moral economy of the economics tradition broadly, economic rent is opposed to producer surplus, or normal profit, both of which are theorized to involve productive human action.Economic rent is also independent of opportunity cost, unlike economic profit, where opportunity cost is an essential component.Economic rent is viewed as unearned revenue And also, as soon as you go to the survey data and you look at the individual level data, we can ask people about their economic circumstances. But it does depend on the issue dimension. And you can see similar patterns in Belgium, as well as in many parts of central and Eastern Europe. In France, Emmanuel Macron, upper 20s. And certain areas, such as textiles, such as computers, and so on, footwear, and there was a correlation between the areas which Trump did well at and those areas of loss of manufacturing. INSKEEP: Catherine Colonna is the foreign minister of France. They may gain 4 percent of the vote, 5 percent, but it wasnt sufficient in order to have any sort of numbers, still less to have any sort of power in a coalition, still less to be the largest party in government. And they have functionally the same approval rating right now, as the other one did, at a similar point. Or we can think of other ways in which these parties have pushed back on freedom of the press and also, increasingly, tolerance of violence. I think thats a good place to end it. And thats made what used to be the culture feel resentful, feel silenced, and created a yearning for these transgressive strongman politicians who can put things back the way they were, reempower you, make you feel safe in your own country again. I think this is something that is sometimes missed about some of these politicians that people dont like, in my view, generally, some of Trumps excesses, his cruelties, the way he acts. And you can see a steady rise in a series of presidential elections, as well as elections to the European Parliament. Those two things have both shrunk on any particular political event. If we want the UK to be the most dynamic, competitive and future-focused economy globally, now is the time to act. Does it reinforce conspiratorial theories in the United States, but also in Europe as well absolutely. Therefore, its claim is neither recognized internationally nor by Trkiye. Since 1973, the median family has seen its real income grow only 0.4 per cent annually. So, as you say, you have, just like in the economic market, the demand side of the public and the electorate, the supply side, which is how the parties respond, including the major parties, in terms of issues. And yet, the way that it was sold, in many ways, during the referendum, by those who were in favor, including Boris Johnson, was very much a return to Britains greatness on the world stage. And they led to new parties. As you become the 30 percents and the 20 percents, youre much more likely to get a process in which you feel you can no longer speak up because of social pressures. This is a diversion of talented human resources inunproductive, useless directions. Republicans have a good chance to make gains in Congress or even capture control of one or both houses of Congress, as I'm sure you know very well. But theyre still watching the BBC or ITV or CNN or NBC, et cetera, et cetera. Marine Le Pen became more effective as a campaigner. But at the same time, there is a transgressive aesthetic that seems to reoccur among many of these politicians. and other data for a number of reasons, such as keeping FT Sites reliable and secure, Theyre watching Adele and things like that, which are also on Twitter. Now, transgressive leaders often tend not simply to transgress in terms of their personal style or their language, but then to start to also, once they get it elected and into office, they start to transgress in terms of democratic norms. And they would join, for example, trade unions in order to negotiate better wages, if they were in blue-collar work. Given the assimilation policies to which the Turks in Western Thrace are now subjected, it is clear what the consequences of reunification would be under these circumstances. It has also recently pushed for and succeeded in lifting the U.S. arms embargo on Greek Cyprus, which will allow the island to rearm. Its far easier for the parties on the center-right to adapt. Some find it very thrilling. So thats one level of it, that what is happening as candidates who are intensely supported by portions of the population can get around some of the traditional ways you needed to go through gatekeepers to get coverage that changes who can win and what kinds of things can be won. there was a 96 per cent chance that a child would have a higher income than his or her parents. Multiple studies of different events around the world point to this conclusion.. And clearly, those who are carried in these powerful forces, can also move back and forward, depending on circumstances. And he went to Paris and saw people on the streets young people, workers everybody out demonstrating and protesting. He previously served as governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and again from 1983 to 1992, and as attorney general of Arkansas from 1977 to 1979. Youll hear an argument that all those things that people experience as Trumpism are actually negatives, and why he is an effective politician is that he actually takes on more popular policy views, whether or not he follows through on them than people realize. So there are differences there. Work by theOECDandOxford Martin Schoolalso notes widening gaps in productivity and profit mark-ups between the leading businesses and the rest. What distinguishes them is that they really want to restore and push back against social liberalism, or as we call it in the contemporary parlance in the media, the woke agenda. As the FTs chief economics commentator, Martin Wolf paints on a wide canvas. For example, many of the European Populist Party, most recently, after Brexit, have stopped saying and stop being explicitly anti-European Union. This isnt the country you knew. It is done, so we must turn the page and be, you know, at work on both sides, building for a new relationship - a better one now than the one we've seen in the recent past. Leveling up was the idea that we put more money into, say, Newcastle and Liverpool to try to make sure that the benefits of London were actually there in the North of England, as well, where, of course, the red wall was where the conservatives made gains. If we think about some of the cases, there are many court cases for some of the leaders, which have been a fundamental problem. And what many populist leaders have done is theyve gone towards the kind of left-center on the economy. So this is very much a part of the legacy of Ron Inglehart, who we sadly lost from the University of Michigan. On the other hand, ideas of demographic determinism have become quite unsafe in politics recently, particularly given how wrong Democrats were about what the Browning of America would look like for them. This is ludicrous. While in 2008 the ECtHR found Greece guilty of violating freedom of assembly and association, the XTA's right to associate was not restored. And thats an important difference, I think, between majoritarian systems, like the United States and the United Kingdom and coalition governments, which are much more common in Europe with proportional representation. Also, the last rounds of negotiations in Crans Montana failed in 2017 after the Greek party demanded that Trkiye renounce its guarantee power over Cyprus, which had saved the Turks on the island from genocide. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. And they become part of the government. In that time, shes written dozens of books on topics ranging from comparative political institutions to right-wing parties and the decline of religion. And they cant also, thereby, appeal to the classic working class base, which is very much more traditional and more conservative on those sorts of issues. Can you talk a bit about the way this generational change weve seen has been different than what has been the norm throughout history? They want to promised continuity, restoration. They entered into new coalitions. If youre thoughtful and out there looking to use the internet to your own benefit and become a more informed person and get more perspectives, or you can use it a little bit thoughtlessly and get surrounded in an echo chamber. We need to bind the Federal Reserve. And now, of course, what we have, essentially if you saw this last prime ministers question time, was two politicians both of whom are very kind of sensible, middle-of-the-road, somewhat boring. Some of the most affluent countries in the world with very solid welfare states, including Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Switzerland, one of the most affluent countries again in Europe, the Netherlands, these have all got very strong authoritarian populist parties the Swiss Peoples Party, Progress Parties, Freedom Party of Austria, et cetera. COLONNA: Well, there's a price we all pay for that war chosen by Russia because the economy has been affected. Fact-checking by Michelle Harris, Mary Marge Locker and Kate Sinclair. You have the rules of the game. COLONNA: Absolutely not. And it sort of seems to me that you see what were in as a kind of lag period between when the younger generations are big enough for their politics to really dominate and the older generations are small enough for their politics to be a more obviously minoritarian tendency. And they can change the immigration policies, which they have. In the course of the maritime law discussions that have been coming to a head for years, Greece has taken every step to isolate Trkiye in the Eastern Mediterranean from its naval rights, the natural gas reserves to which it is entitled, and the community of Mediterranean littoral states. And similarly, in Europe, it was the areas which had lost the mining industries and extractive industries and so on. INSKEEP: You don't see a loss of political support because I assume that's what the Russians would count on, is a loss of political support for the war as people's energy prices go up? Far more productive thanthis politically rewarding, but mistaken, focus on the damage done by trade and migration is an examination of contemporary rentier capitalism itself. Apple after Ive: can it design for a new generation? So the economic recession of 2008, the eurozone crisis, which followed with very deep consequences for Mediterranean Europe, and then the rise of migrants, which is continuing, although that has gone down as an issue in Europe, all of those created very favorable circumstances. According to the latest statements of the Greek Defense Ministry, it seems that the U.S. is already planning to open a naval base on the island soon, posing an existential threat to the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). You wanted, often, a strong leader who can provide you with order and economic growth that basic idea. This is because the president made it clear, in response to a question from a Greek journalist, that Trkiye could launch a military operation against Greece one night if Athens continues to violate international law and relevant international treaties. 1921, d. 2002) was an American political philosopher in the liberal tradition. I think we all need a stable and active neighbor and partner as the U.K. And yes, Brexit has been a factor. And as the older generation, as I said, gradually declined, in terms of the population, still very important as a group, still, by the way, voting very highly, but as they were gradually replaced in the population by the younger generation, so values in society changed overall. To avoid such a conflict of interests, it is a fundamental rule of international law that the boundaries of maritime areas between neighboring or opposite states where maritime areas cross or converge must be established through mutual agreement. Its a fundamental change in the nature of how society works and what the attitudes and what the values are. So immediately you can know if something has happened and you can follow it along if youre interested in that. Get information on latest national and international events & more. And again, with Ron Inglehart, I wrote a book on that, Sacred and Secular. And as increasing security came about, so religion no longer seemed to be as important in peoples lives. Of course every generation is more liberal, more tolerant, more open than the one that came before it. He focuses on the world economy, and has paid particular attention to globalisation, financial crises and, more recently, trade wars. How do you think about that both as a causal explanation for the post-2010 rise of the populist authoritarian right, and how do you think about it as a solution? You dont really adapt nearly so much once youre in your 30s, your 40s, and so on. No, thats absolutely right. Now, how does this look to the U.K.'s close neighbor and ally? Thats normal. Shes a comparative political scientist at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard. But maybe nothings wrong with America, or at least nothing specific. The network externalities benefits of using a network that others are using and zero marginal costs of platform monopolies (Facebook,Google,Amazon, Alibaba andTencent) are the dominant examples. On the contrary, Athens has merely claimed these islands that lie near the Turkish coast for itself without any foundation in a treaty or international law, going as far as to even occupy them militarily by fait accompli. Tell me a bit about your thinking on tipping points. Are they also going towards the fringe of politics and reading other things from QAnon, which might not have been available in the past? All its activities are a great danger to the stability as well as peace in Europe and the Mediterranean. analyse how our Sites are used. Corporate lobbying overwhelms the interests of ordinary citizens. While each of our individual companies serves its own corporate purpose, we share a fundamental commitment to all of our stakeholders.. A Powerful Theory of Why the Far Right Is Thriving Across the Globe, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/01/opinion/ezra-klein-podcast-pippa-norris.html, George Saunders on the Braindead Megaphone That Makes Our Politics So Awful. We discuss what Norris calls the silent revolution in cultural values that has occurred across advanced democracies in recent decades, why the best predictor of support for populist parties is the generation people were born into, why the transgressive aesthetic of leaders like Donald Trump and Jair Bolsonaro is so central to their appeal, how demographic and cultural tipping points have produced conservative backlashes across the globe, the difference between demand-side and supply-side theories of populist uprising, the role that economic anxiety and insecurity play in fueling right-wing backlashes, why delivering economic benefits might not be enough for mainstream leaders to stave off populist challenges and more. As a result, 28 per cent of children have lower income than their parents did.. Whatever it might be, that theres a tendency to experience those through the same lens of disorientation, the same lens of too much has changed and it has robbed us of what makes us great. Greece also regularly provokes Trkiye on the Cyprus issue. It was there, for example, with Goebbels in Germany. Both theory and evidence concur on this. In Slovakia and in Belarus, as well, as Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic and theres even arguments which is expanding the notion, but maybe even Vladimir Putin is populist in certain ways. Peronists, and a long tradition, of course, in Latin America. And so we need theories that explain more than one country, or more than one situation, which brings me to Pippa Norris. We used to know what were doing and now weve gotten away from the wisdom of our forefathers. Yet they are also in a perfect position to exploit tax loopholes, especially those companies whose location of production or innovation is difficult to determine. As always, my email, ezrakleinshow@nytimes.com. It had been part and parcel. His theory of political liberalism explores the legitimate use of political power in a democracy, and envisions how civic unity But the idea also of a confidence that their lives werent just within a country but were cosmopolitan, that they can be part of Europe and have a European identity, they could work and live and travel in many places. And some people responded to that in the Republican Party by saying, we need Mitt Romney, a sober private equity guy, who knows how to lead things, knows how to run a corporate office, knows how to manage. They had stopped for some time. They estimated that rents earnings over and above those needed to attract people into the industry accounted for 30-50 per cent of the pay differential between finance professionals and the rest of the private sector. INSKEEP: I just want to note for people, the U.K.'s political and economic turmoil grows partly out of Brexit. So always our final question what are three books that youd recommend to the audience? Keep up to date with whats happening in Turkey, So theres this question of how do you end up feeling, like what leads somebody in a rural area of Wisconsin to feel like everything is different now. Consequently, in the case of Greece and Trkiye, after weighing the size of both countries and taking into account the fact that Trkiye has the longest coastline in the Eastern Mediterranean, it is not unreasonable to assume that Ankara is entitled to large parts of the Mediterranean and the Aegean Sea (since the Greek islands do not have an EEZ). And in particular what he predicted in that period was that this generation that was concerned with, what he termed, post-material issues, the quality of life, the ways in which we can improve our living standards, took for granted material affluence and so they moved on to other issues and other values, which they regarded as much more important, in particular, freedom and autonomy, the ability to live your own life and to enjoy diverse lifestyles, to enjoy gender fluidity, for example, not simply fixed gender roles or fixed sex roles in the family. In fact, we are not seeing enough creation, destruction or productivity growth to support that view convincingly. After all, the peacekeeping operation by Trkiye did not violate international law, since the Zurich and London Agreements of 1959 and 1960 gave Ankara the guaranteed power to conduct an operation in such cases. So its really a question of long-term change, yes, but politics gets in the way, and other things may not hold in order to allow that representational change to actually occur. I dont think it is so as impossible as people have begun to make it sound to be optimistic about the future and conscious of the fact that many people are fearful about the future. And now in many, many countries, its taken for granted. Yes. To the contrary, the shift in the global division of labour induced high-income economies to specialise in skill-intensive sectors, where there was more potential for fast productivity growth.
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